Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) refer to a group of diseases that attack the respiratory tract, from the nose and throat to the lungs. ARI is very common throughout the world and can affect anyone, regardless of age or social status. There are several diseases that can be classified as ARI such as sinusitis, coughs and colds, pneumonia, acute sore throat (pharyngitis), Covid-19, and acute laryngitis. ARI can range in symptoms from mild to severe, and in some cases can be life-threatening. Let's explore further about ARI, including causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment.
What are the causes of ISPA?
ISPA can be caused by various types of viruses and bacteria that attack our bodies. Viruses that often cause ISPA include:
- Virus
- Adenovirus Virus: Adenovirus is a microorganism that can cause infections in the human respiratory tract. In fact, there are more than 50 types of viruses that fall into the Adenovirus category, for example viruses that cause the common cold, bronchitis and pneumonia. This group of viruses can cause various infectious diseases in a person, but generally causes respiratory problems such as flu, sore throat and pneumonia.
- Rhinovirus Virus: Causes a common cold with symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, and sore throat. Rhinovirus is the cause common cold which is usually harmless. However, in groups of people who are at risk or vulnerable, this can develop into an acute respiratory infection. What is meant by this vulnerable group is the elderly, young children, or those with a weak immune system either due to congenital disease or a history of certain diseases.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Often infects children and causes flu-like symptoms, but in more severe cases, can cause bronchitis or pneumonia. In adults and children, symptoms can include a blocked or runny nose, loss of appetite, dry cough, fever, sore throat, sneezing and headaches.
- Bacteria
- Streptococcus
- Haemophilus
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Chlamydia
- Air pollution
Air pollution is carcinogenic and contains chemical elements including lead and benzene. so that it can interfere with the circulation of oxygen in the blood which comes from the combustion of vehicle engines. Other air pollution, such as cigarette smoke, for example, also contains carbon monoxide which causes symptoms of respiratory disease
What are the symptoms of this disease?
Symptoms of ARI can vary depending on the type of virus or bacteria that causes it and how severe the infection is. Some common symptoms of ARI include:
- Dry cough or phlegm: Coughing is the main symptom of ARI. An initial dry cough may progress to a phlegmy cough as the infection progresses.
- Stuffy or runny nose: This symptom is common with colds or flu. Sore Throat: Mainly associated with viral infections affecting the throat.
- Fever: A high body temperature is a common sign of a viral or bacterial infection.
- Shortness of breath: In some cases, ARI can cause difficulty breathing, especially if the infection affects the lungs.
How can we prevent and treat ARI?
Preventive measures for this disease include:
- Wash your hands: Washing your hands regularly with soap and running water is an effective way to prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria.
- Vaccination: An annual flu vaccine is essential to protect against influenza viruses that change each season.
- Avoid contact with sick people: If you or someone around you is sick, avoid close physical contact.
- Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or the inside of your elbow to reduce the spread of droplets.
- Keep the environment clean: Make sure the area around you is clean and hygienic.
- Treatment: Treatment of ARI depends on the type and severity of infection. General treatment includes adequate rest, adequate fluid consumption, and over-the-counter medications, such as antipyretics and decongestants, to relieve symptoms. For more severe ARI, antibiotics may be needed if the infection is caused by bacteria.
ARI is a common health problem throughout the world, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Prevention through personal and environmental hygiene as well as vaccination is very important to reduce the risk of ARI. If you experience symptoms that do not improve or get worse, immediately consult an EMC Hospital doctor with a professional medical team to get the right treatment. We are ready to serve you with treatment and recovery from ISPA. Keep in mind that awareness and preventive measures can help protect yourself and those around you from ARI.
Article written by dr. Muhamad Iman Nugraha, Sp.P (Lung & Respiratory Specialist at EMC Tangerang Hospital).