Thyroid health is often overlooked, even though this small, butterfly-shaped organ in the neck plays a major role in maintaining the body's metabolic balance. One common disorder of the thyroid is hypothyroidism, or a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones.
Hypothyroidism can be experienced by anyone, both men and women, from children to the elderly. Understanding the condition of this disease is very important to prevent sufferers from experiencing more serious complications.
What is Hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These hormones play an important role in regulating metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, and energy balance. When thyroid hormone production decreases, body functions slow down, causing a variety of symptoms.
Symptoms vary, here are some common signs that may provide clues to a more precise diagnosis:
- Prolonged Fatigue
Constant fatigue despite adequate rest is a common symptom of hypothyroidism. Sufferers often feel tired and have no energy, even after adequate sleep. This happens because the body's metabolism slows down, making it difficult for the body to get enough energy to do activities.
- Weight Gain
People with hypothyroidism often experience weight gain even though their diet and physical activity patterns do not change, due to a slowed metabolism and the body having difficulty burning calories efficiently.
- Dry Skin and Hair Loss
Dry, rough skin and hair loss are other symptoms of hypothyroidism. A lack of thyroid hormone affects the skin's oil production and the health of hair follicles, causing damage and hair loss.
- Sensitivity to Cold
People with hypothyroidism often feel colder because their metabolism slows down, reducing the body's production of heat. This makes it difficult to maintain body temperature, making them more sensitive to cold.
- Mood Disorders
Mood disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating, are common in people with hypothyroidism. Low thyroid hormones affect the balance of brain chemicals that play a role in regulating mood and cognitive function.
- Constipation
Constipation is a common symptom of hypothyroidism, in which the digestive system slows down, slowing down bowel movements and causing constipation or irregular bowel movements.
Who is at Risk for Hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism can happen to anyone, but some groups are at higher risk. Women over 60, individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders, and people with autoimmune diseases such as lupus or type 1 diabetes are at higher risk. In addition, postpartum, iodine deficiency, and a history of thyroid medication or neck radiation therapy also increase the risk of hypothyroidism.
Causes of Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from autoimmune conditions to nutritional deficiencies. Some of the main causes of hypothyroidism to be aware of include Hashimoto's disease, iodine deficiency, thyroid gland removal, side effects of medications, and pituitary disorders.
- Hashimoto's Disease
Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, reducing the production of thyroid hormones. This condition causes symptoms such as fatigue, dry skin, and weight gain.
- Iodine Deficiency
This condition can occur when the body lacks iodine, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. This deficiency can interfere with thyroid function, especially in areas where access to iodine-rich foods is difficult.
- Thyroid Gland Removal
This removal is done through a medical procedure such as thyroidectomy can cause hypothyroidism. After removal, the body cannot produce thyroid hormones without external hormone replacement.
- Side Effects of Drugs
Certain medications, such as lithium and amiodarone, can interfere with thyroid function. Long-term use of these medications can affect the production of thyroid hormones.
- Pituitary Disorders
This disorder can occur if the pituitary gland does not produce enough thyrotropin hormone (TSH), which is needed to stimulate the thyroid. This can lead to a disruption in the production of thyroid hormones.
Hypothyroidism Treatment
The good news is that hypothyroidism can be managed with proper treatment. The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy using levothyroxine, a drug that replaces the T4 hormone that the body is not producing.
Patients undergoing this therapy need to monitor their thyroid hormone levels regularly to ensure that the dose given is in accordance with the body's needs. With proper treatment, symptoms of hypothyroidism can be controlled, and patients can live a normal life.
Prevention and Early Detection Steps
Hypothyroidism can be difficult to prevent, especially if it is caused by genetic or autoimmune factors. However, you can maintain your thyroid health by taking the following steps: consume iodine-rich foods such as iodized salt, seafood, and dairy products; have regular health check-ups, especially if there is a family history or symptoms of unusual fatigue; and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure to the neck.
Maintain Your Thyroid Health for Optimal Body Balance
Hypothyroidism is a thyroid disorder that can affect anyone, but it often goes undetected in the early stages because symptoms develop slowly. Recognizing the symptoms and risk factors is the first step to preventing complications. If you suspect you have a thyroid disorder, consult a doctor immediately for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Take care of your thyroid health, as this little gland plays a big role in maintaining overall body balance!
Article written by dr. Patriotika Ismail, Sp.PD (Internal Medicine Specialist, EMC Cikarang Hospital).