Spinal stenosis is a medical condition that occurs when the space in the spinal canal becomes narrow, causing pressure on the nerves that exit the spinal cord. Stenosis commonly occurs in various parts of the spine, including the neck (cervical), mid-back (thoracic), and lower back (lumbar). Spinal stenosis can cause a variety of symptoms ranging from pain to difficulty moving, depending on the location and severity of the narrowing of the spinal canal.
In this article, we will discuss in detail the causes of spinal stenosis, how to treat it, and the types of treatments that can help reduce symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life.
Learn More about Stenosis
Spinal stenosis occurs when the space in the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord. This narrowing can occur gradually and is usually associated with aging.
As you age, the discs in your spine that act as cushions between your vertebrae can wear away, and the bony or ligamentous tissues can enlarge. This can reduce the space for nerves exiting your spine, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in your body.
In cases of cervical (neck) stenosis, patients may feel pain or tingling in the hands, arms, or even legs. Lumbar (lower back) stenosis usually causes pain in the lower back and legs, and can cause difficulty walking or even loss of bladder or bowel control in more severe cases.
Causes of Stenosis
The main cause of spinal stenosis is the aging process. As we age, our bodies experience natural changes in the structure of our spine, which can narrow the space in our spinal canal. Other factors that can lead to stenosis include:
- Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative disc disease occurs when the spinal discs begin to break down and lose moisture, causing the discs to lose their ability to absorb shock. This causes the discs to become thinner and increases pressure on the spinal canal.
- Ligament Enlargement
Ligaments are tissues that function to connect one bone to another. Enlargement of the ligaments that occurs with aging can cause a decrease in space in the spinal canal. This enlargement will lead to compression of the nerves that exit the spinal cord.
- Formation of Bone Spurs
Bone spur formation or osteophytes are additional bone growths that develop along the edges of the spine in response to injury or aging. These bone spurs can cut into the space around the spinal canal and compress existing nerves.
- Injury or Trauma
Spinal injuries, such as fractures or bone displacements, can be a risk factor for stenosis. In addition, congenital abnormalities, such as spinal deformities from birth, can also contribute to stenosis.
- Other Diseases
Some diseases such as tumors, infections, or other medical conditions that affect the structure of the spine can cause narrowing of the spinal canal.
Stenosis Treatment
Treatment for spinal stenosis is tailored to how severe the symptoms are and where the stenosis occurs. Here are some treatment methods that may be considered:
1. Conservative Treatment
In many cases, conservative treatment can help reduce the symptoms of stenosis. Some approaches include:
- Anti-Inflammatory Medications : Medications such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can help reduce inflammation and pain.
- Physiotherapy : This physical therapy aims to strengthen the muscles in the back and neck area, while helping to improve overall body flexibility. Physiotherapists can also teach techniques to reduce pressure on nerves.
- Steroid Injections : Injections of corticosteroids into the affected area can provide short-term relief by reducing inflammation and pain.
2. Surgical Procedures
If conservative treatment does not provide adequate results, or if symptoms become more severe, surgical procedures may be an option. Some common procedures are:
- Laminectomy : This procedure involves removing a small section of the vertebrae (lamina) to make more room for the compressed nerve.
- Discectomy : Removing a degenerated or herniated disc to relieve pressure on a nerve.
- Spinal Fusion : In some cases, the fusion of two or more vertebrae may be performed to provide more stability to the spinal structure.
3. Lifestyle Changes
- Weight Management : Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce pressure on the spine and slow the progression of stenosis.
- Regular Exercise : Physical activities such as walking or swimming can help strengthen back muscles and maintain spinal flexibility.
The Right Steps to Overcome Spinal Stenosis for Better Health
Spinal stenosis is a condition that can affect a person's quality of life. While aging is a major factor in causing stenosis, there are many steps you can take to manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life. It is important to consult with your doctor or spine specialist to get a proper diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
With proper treatment, whether conservative or surgical, many patients are able to reduce their pain and regain their mobility. In addition, simple lifestyle changes can provide long-term benefits in maintaining spinal health.
Consult a medical professional immediately if you experience unusual symptoms, to get proper treatment and prevent more serious problems.
Article written by dr. I Made Buddy Setiawan, M.Biomed, Sp.OT(K)Spine (Orthopedic Traumatology Specialist, Spine Consultant at EMC Cikarang, Pekayon and Sentul Hospitals).