Bright, even skin is often a symbol of beauty and health. However, not everyone has perfect skin. One common problem that can disrupt the appearance of the skin is hyperpigmentation. Hyperpigmentation is a condition where there is an increase in the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color, causing the appearance of dark or uneven patches on the surface of the skin. Hyperpigmentation generally does not cause a sensation of pain or itching, but can interfere with your aesthetic appearance.
Please note that hyperpigmentation can occur in anyone, regardless of skin type. There are several common types of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, lentigo, and age spots. Melasma is a type of hyperpigmentation that often occurs in pregnant women or those who are frequently exposed to sunlight. Dark spots of melasma usually appear on areas of the face, such as the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip. Meanwhile, lentigo is a small spot that appears on skin that has been exposed to excessive sunlight for years. Usually found on the hands, face and neck. Age spots can also result from sun damage to the skin and usually appear in older people.
So What Causes Hyperpigmentation?
The causes of hyperpigmentation can vary, but sun exposure is one of the main factors that triggers this condition. Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV) radiation that stimulates the production of melanin by skin cells as a protective response to harmful UV rays. However, too much sun exposure can interfere with normal melanin production, resulting in excessive melanin buildup in certain areas and causing hyperpigmentation.
Apart from sunlight, other factors that can influence hyperpigmentation include hormonal changes. Pregnant women often experience melasma as a result of hormonal changes during pregnancy. Apart from that, the use of hormonal contraception and hormone therapy can also trigger hyperpigmentation. Hereditary factors can also play a role in a person's predisposition to hyperpigmentation.
Apart from internal causes, there are also external factors that can trigger hyperpigmentation. For example, inflammation of the skin from acne or injury can increase melanin production in the affected area, causing dark acne scars or scars. Using skin care products that are unsuitable or contain harsh chemicals can also cause irritation and inflammation of the skin, which in turn can lead to hyperpigmentation.
How to prevent?
To treat hyperpigmentation, there are several steps you can take. First, it is important to protect the skin from sun exposure by using sunscreen with a high enough SPF, wearing a hat, and avoiding direct sunlight at peak hours. Wearing sunscreen all year round is important, even when the weather is cloudy or indoors, because UV rays can pass through glass and clouds.
In addition, using skin whitening agents that contain active ingredients such as kojic acid, azelaic acid, hydroquinone, or retinoids can help reduce melanin production and fade hyperpigmentation spots. However, before using skin whitening products, consult a doctor or dermatologist first to ensure their suitability and safety.
The use of laser therapy, chemical peels, or microdermabrasion are some medical procedures that can also help treat more intense hyperpigmentation. However, keep in mind that these procedures have certain risks and side effects, so always consult a doctor before deciding to undergo the procedure.
Article written by dr. Hadi Firmansyah, Sp.KK, M.Kes (Skin & Venereology Specialist at EMC Cikarang Hospital).